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Liceo scientifico (literally ''scientific lyceum'') is a type of secondary school in Italy. It is designed to give students the skills to progress to any university or higher educational institution.〔Decreto del Presidente della Repubblica 89/2010 - ''Regolamento di revisione dei licei''. Available (here ). Retrieved 14 December 2011.〕 Students can attend the ''liceo scientifico'' after successfully completing middle school (''scuola media''). The curriculum is devised by the Ministry of Education, and emphasises the link between the humanistic tradition and scientific culture.〔 It covers a complete and widespread range of disciplines, including Italian language and literature, mathematics, physics, chemistry, biology, history, philosophy, Latin language and culture, English language and culture, art history and technical drawing.〔Decreto del Presidente della Repubblica 89/2010, Appendix F - ''Regolamento di revisione dei licei, Allegato F''. Available (here ). Retrieved 14 December 2011.〕 Students typically study for five years, and attend the school from the age of 14 to 19. At the end of the fifth year all students sit for the ''esame di Stato'', a final examination which leads to the ''maturità scientifica''. A student attending a ''liceo'' is called ''liceale'', although the more generic terms ''studente'' (male) and ''studentessa'' (female) are also in common use. Teachers are known as ''professore'' (male) or ''professoressa'' (female). ==History== ''Liceo scientifico'' was created with the Gentile reform in 1923.〔Decreto Reale 1054/1923 - ''Ordinamento della istruzione media e dei convitti nazionali''. Available (here ). Retrieved 14 December 2011.〕 Originally, students attended the school for four years and the curriculum was derived from that of the ''ginnasio'', a humanity-centered type of secondary school similar to today's liceo classico. This meant that, despite its name, the ''liceo scientifico'' had more teaching hours dedicated to Latin language and literature than mathematics.〔Bollettino Ufficiale del Ministero dell’istruzione pubblica, 50, II, 17 Novembre 1923. Pages 4418, 4422 and 4423 available (here ). Retrieved 14 December 2011.〕 Moreover, students that completed the school were not allowed to progress to university courses in the humanities or jurisprudence, while students that completed the ''liceo classico'' were allowed to progress to any university course. These limitations drew several criticisms from the academic world.〔1924 report by the Accademia dei Lincei. Available (here ). Retrieved 14 December 2011.〕 The curriculum and structure underwent several changes over the course of the following century. Most importantly, in 1969 the ban preventing students of the ''liceo scientifico'' from entering many university courses was finally lifted.〔Legge 910/1969 - ''Provvedimenti urgenti per l'Università''. Available (here ). Retrieved 16 December 2011.〕 In 1991 and again later in 1995, school reforms introduced an alternative curriculum, ''Piano Nazionale di Informatica'' (PNI, literally ''National Plan of Computer Studies'').〔C.M. 6 febbraio 1991, n. 24 - ''Piano Nazionale per l'introduzione dell'Informatica nelle scuole secondarie superiori - Innovazione dei programmi di Matematica e Fisica nei bienni e nei trienni - Anno scolastico 1991-92''. Available (here ). Retrieved 16 December 2011.〕〔C.M. 27 settembre 1996, n. 615 - ''Piano Nazionale per l'introduzione dell'informatica nelle scuole secondarie superiori. Indicazioni programmatiche relative all'insegnamento della matematica nel triennio del liceo ginnasio e del liceo scientifico e nel secondo biennio dell'istituto magistrale''. Available (here ). Retrieved 16 December 2011.〕 The new curriculum differed from the old one not only by including computer programming, but also in having more teaching hours dedicated to mathematics and physics. This new curriculum was optional for schools to implement. Other alternative curricula were also made available for schools to choose from, such as a bilingual curriculum introducing the teaching of a second language in addition to English.〔C. M. 8 giugno 1992, n. 198 - ''Sperimentazioni parziali di lingue straniere nei licei e negli istituti magistrali''. Available (here ). Retrieved 16 December 2011.〕 The latest major reform, in 2008, eliminated all previous alternative curricula.〔Legge 30 ottobre 2008, n. 169 - ''Disposizioni urgenti in materia di istruzione e università''. Available (here ). Retrieved 16 December 2011.〕 It significantly increased the teaching hours dedicated to scientific subjects and decreased those dedicated to Latin. In addition to the standard curriculum, it also created the alternative curriculum ''opzione scienze applicate'' (''applied sciences option'') which involves more teaching and laboratory hours for the sciences and does not include Latin. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Liceo scientifico」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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